with <context_manager_object> [as <variable>]:
with-block
上下文管理器,本质上是使用with语句来简化try/finally模式。它可以保证,即使在出错的情况下,也可以执行 某些诸如释放数据库连接等 清理语句。
实现了__enter__(self)和__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)这两个方法的对象,就支持上下文管理。当进入with语句块时,会执行上下文管理器对象的__enter__方法,并且把__enter__方法的返回值作为as子句后面的变量的值;当离开with语句块的时候,会执行上下文管理器对象的__exit__方法,并把with语句块中抛出的异常信息作为__exit__方法的参数。
[root@iZj6chejzrsqpclb7miryaZ ~]# cat test.py
import time
class TimeUsed:
def __init__(self):
self._start_time = None
self._end_time = None
def __enter__(self):
self._start_time = time.time()
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
self._end_time = time.time()
print "time used: %ss" % (self._end_time - self._start_time)
if __name__ == "__main__":
def func(n):
time.sleep(n)
with TimeUsed():
func(2)
with TimeUsed():
func(1)
[root@iZj6chejzrsqpclb7miryaZ ~]# python test.py
time used: 2.00210905075s
time used: 1.00110411644s
为了简化上下文管理器的编写,Python标准库的contextlib模块提供了contextmanager装饰器,它可以把生成器函数包装成支持上下文管理的对象。
当进入with语句块的时候,会调用生成器对象的next方法,并把yield传递出的值,作为as子句后面的变量的值;当离开with语句块的时候,会调用生成器对象的next或throw方法(当with语句块出异常时,会调用生成器对象的throw方法,此时,可以在生成器中对异常进行处理,不做任何异常处理的话,会重新抛出异常)。
[root@iZj6chejzrsqpclb7miryaZ ~]# cat test.py
from contextlib import contextmanager
import time
@contextmanager
def time_used():
start = time.time()
try:
yield
finally:
end = time.time()
print "time used: %s" % (end - start)
if __name__ == "__main__":
def func(n, will_raise=False):
time.sleep(n)
if will_raise:
raise RuntimeError("in func")
with time_used():
func(2)
with time_used():
func(1, True)
[root@iZj6chejzrsqpclb7miryaZ ~]# python test.py
time used: 2.00210595131
time used: 1.00112104416
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 25, in
func(1, True)
File "test.py", line 19, in func
raise RuntimeError("in func")
RuntimeError: in func